Tuna

Tuńczyk to jedna z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych ryb morskich na świecie. Należy do rodziny makrelowatych i występuje głównie w ciepłych oraz umiarkowanych wodach oceanicznych, takich jak Ocean Atlantycki, Spokojny i Indyjski. Istnieje kilka gatunków tuńczyka, w tym najczęściej spotykane: tuńczyk błękitnopłetwy, żółtopłetwy, bonito oraz albakor. Różnią się wielkością, kolorem oraz właściwościami mięsa, ale wszystkie są cenione zarówno przez rybaków, jak i kucharzy. Mięso tuńczyka jest wyjątkowo bogate w białko, zawiera zdrowe kwasy tłuszczowe omega-3, które korzystnie wpływają na serce i układ krążenia, a także witaminy, takie jak B12, D oraz składniki mineralne, m.in. selen i fosfor. Dzięki temu tuńczyk uznawany jest za jedną z najbardziej wartościowych ryb pod względem odżywczym. Jego smak i konsystencja sprawiają, że znajduje szerokie zastosowanie w kuchniach całego świata – od surowego sushi i sashimi, przez grillowane steki, po konserwy rybne wykorzystywane w sałatkach i kanapkach. Niestety, ze względu na rosnący popyt i intensywne połowy przemysłowe, niektóre gatunki tuńczyka, zwłaszcza błękitnopłetwy, są zagrożone wyginięciem. Organizacje zajmujące się ochroną środowiska apelują o odpowiedzialne podejście do konsumpcji ryb.

De tonijn is een van de bekendste zeevissen ter wereld. Hij behoort tot de familie van de makreelachtigen en komt voornamelijk voor in warme en gematigde oceanen zoals de Atlantische Oceaan, de Stille Oceaan en de Indische Oceaan. Er bestaan meerdere soorten tonijn, waaronder de blauwvintonijn, geelvintonijn, albacore en bonito. Ze verschillen in grootte, kleur en smaak, maar worden allemaal gewaardeerd door vissers en chefs over de hele wereld. Tonijnvlees is bijzonder rijk aan eiwitten en bevat gezonde omega 3-vetzuren, die een positief effect hebben op het hart en de bloedsomloop. Daarnaast bevat het belangrijke vitamines zoals B12 en D, evenals mineralen zoals selenium en fosfor. Dankzij deze voedingswaarde wordt tonijn beschouwd als een van de gezondste vissoorten. In de keuken is tonijn veelzijdig inzetbaar: van rauwe bereidingen zoals sushi en sashimi tot gegrilde tonijnsteaks en ingeblikte tonijn in salades of op broodjes. Helaas zijn sommige tonijnsoorten, met name de blauwvintonijn, door overbevissing met uitsterven bedreigd. Door de wereldwijde vraag is de druk op tonijnpopulaties enorm toegenomen. Milieuorganisaties roepen op tot verantwoord visverbruik en stimuleren de keuze voor vis uit duurzame vangst of gecertificeerde kweek. Door bewust te kiezen voor duurzaam gevangen tonijn kunnen consumenten bijdragen aan de bescherming van de oceanen en het voortbestaan van deze vis.

U.S. boats are set to be locked out of the world’s best tuna-fishing waters after reneging on a deal with 17 Pacific states, amid a slump in prices for the fish sold in cans in supermarkets all over the country. The standoff means U.S. boats cannot access seas where around half of the world’s skipjack tuna are caught each year. It is also endangering a vital revenue stream for some of the world’s poorest nations. A group of Pacific island states—which includes small islands and atolls such as Tuvalu, Tokelau and the Marshall Islands—along with New Zealand and Australia are refusing to issue fishing licenses to around 36 U.S. vessels to trawl in their waters after their owners, typically tuna-supply companies or individuals, refused to meet payments agreed in August last year. “These are the most attractive fisheries in the world and there are boats dying to fish in these waters right now but they can’t go and fish,” said Transform Aqorau, chief executive officer of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement, a grouping of eight of the islands which control most of the regions’ best fishing grounds. Without a resolution, U.S.-owned fishing boats—often based in American Samoa, a U.S. Pacific territory—risk losing the roughly 300,000 tons of catch, mainly skipjack, they normally net annually in the region. That tuna is mostly processed into canned form, often in American Samoa as well. Fishery license sales generate around $350 million annually in total for small states such as Kiribati and Tuvalu, where around 20% of the population lives on less than US$1 a day. More than a quarter of that fishing revenue comes from the U.S., the Asian Development Bank estimates. Pacific island countries aim to both raise revenue and manage tuna stocks by selling fishing days each year to either countries or companies, which in turn allocate them to different vessels. The minimum price for one fishing day is $8,000. Some of the islands are already struggling because of the way in which El Niño has affected fish migration patterns this year, reducing the amount of tuna in areas they control, said Christopher Edmonds, a senior economist at the ADB. The current dispute first arose in November when the U.S. government asked for significant changes to the August agreement it made on behalf of the American Tunaboat Association. It had agreed to pay $68 million so that its member boats could fish for 6,250 days collectively. The first quarterly payment toward that was due at the end of December, in time for licenses to be issued at the start of January. The association now wants to cut the fishing days by 30% and reduce its payment by $23 million. The U.S. is entitled to its allocation of fishing days under a nearly 30-year-old treaty that is linked to a US$21 million annual aid payment to the islands. “The issue is simply that the U.S. fleet cannot afford to buy the number of days,” said Brian Hallman, executive director of the American Tunaboat Association based in San Diego. “The economic situation for the U.S. fleet has been worsening, and is so dire that many vessels are on the edge of bankruptcy, and boats are dropping out of the Treaty.” Mr. Hallman said ample global tuna stocks was behind the recent drop in tuna prices, thanks to an increasing number of boats fishing for the catch globally. Skipjack tuna is currently selling at $950 a metric ton in Thailand, a major processing location, having nearly halved since July 2014 when it was selling for $1,820 a metric ton. Meanwhile, fishing costs have risen: in 2010, the U.S. paid around $30 million to access the fishing grounds now in dispute, compared with the $90 million they agreed to pay this year. Negotiations continue between the parties but until an agreement is reached the U.S. fleet will remain docked in American Samoa. The Pacific states are currently “testing the waters” to see if they can sell the fishing days the U.S. wishes to give up, said Wez Norris, Deputy Director-General of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, which negotiated last year’s agreement on behalf of the Pacific states. A U.S. State Department official said “the best way forward for all parties would be for the Pacific Island parties to revise the terms for the U.S. fleet for 2016.” “It is a huge concern for us that our boats can’t fish in their traditional fishing areas and deliver fish back to American Samoa,” said Joe Hamby, Chief Operating Officer at Tri Marine Management, which produces tuna brand Ocean Naturals and supplies tuna to supermarket chain Costco. Canned tuna accounts for 93% of American Samoa’s exports.